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Which of the following is NOT a feature of a proportional vision of democracy?


A) Checks and balances on the executive.
B) A large range of voter preferences reflected in the legislature.
C) High levels of clarity of responsibility.
D) A multi-party system.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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C

Which of the following is an example of anticipatory representation?


A) Politicians stepping down from office after a scandal.
B) Politicians changing their policy positions after conferring with constituents.
C) Replacement of politicians that do not follow public opinion.
D) Parties changing their policy positions to avoid losing seats at the next election.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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D

Which of the following statements about women as heads of government and state is FALSE?


A) Women have been the head of government or state in more than half of European countries between 2015 and 2020.
B) These days, around one third of all ministers are women.
C) Women reach the highest office in the country only when a left-leaning party is in power.
D) Countries that elect more women to parliament are also more likely to have female cabinet members.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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What is an example of representation that is symbolic and that can change quickly and in a dynamic way?


A) Members of parliament speaking on issues that affect their constituents.
B) Members of parliament passing bills that address a pressing issue.
C) More members from an underrepresented group being elected to parliament.
D) Members of parliament passing bills that are in line with the preferences of the median voter.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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Which of the following factors is NOT associated with a higher share of women in parliament?


A) Gender quotas.
B) A First-Past-the-Post election system.
C) A high share of left-wing parties.
D) A central party organization.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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In which situation does an MP have the biggest incentive to cultivate a personal vote?


A) When the electoral system uses closed lists and district magnitude is large.
B) When the electoral system uses an open list and district magnitude is moderate.
C) When the electoral system uses an open list and district magnitude is large.
D) When the electoral system uses closed lists and the district magnitude is equal to the number of seats in parliament.

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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B

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