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Exam 19: Lipids

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Question 1

True/False

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The forces that drive micelle and lipid bilayer formation are the same.

A) True
B) False

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Question 2

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Which is the structure of a phosphatidyl choline?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Question 3

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Vitamin D precursors have the cholesterol ring system.

Shown are cholesterol, estradiol, testosterone (see N13) and progesterone, which is the female pregnancy hormone. Cholesterol and all three hormones are present in both, males and females, albeit in different concentration. Their biosynthesis follows one common scheme. Based on the structures shown below, which is the hormone that is formed as an intermediate during the biosynthesis of the other two hormones?

What is the pH of a solution of an anionic detergent (typically: a soap or laundry detergent) (I) , a non-ionic detergent (typically: an emulsifier in drink preparations) (II) and a cationic detergent (typically: a fabric softener) (III) ?

Order the four vitamins according to increasing fat-solubility (most hydrophilic first) :

17- $\alpha$ -Ethinyl-estradiol is an orally bio-active estrogen used in almost all modern formulations of contraceptive pills. It is one of the most commonly used medications. Complete the following synthetic scheme:

Soaps and detergents form micelles when added to water.

What do all prostaglandins have in common? I. Prostaglandins are only biosynthesized in males. II. All prostaglandins feature 19 carbon atoms. III. All prostaglandins are alkenes. IV. All prostaglandins feature one carbocylic ring, but the size of the ring may vary.

Which structure is vitamin A?

Androsterone has ________ stereocenters and ____________ possible stereoisomers.

Which statements about steroids are false? I. The fusion of all rings is cis. II. Sex hormones, adrenocorticoid hormones, bile acids and vitamin D are derived from Cholesterol. III. The biosynthesis of cholesterol produces several isomers. IV. Steroids are tetracyclic ring systems

Today, palm oil or palm kernel oil is often used for the production of soap. The main components of palm kernel oil are glycerol esters of lauric acid (48%) , myristic acid (16%) and palmitic acid (14%) . What are the chemical components of soap from palm kernel oil?

Complete the structure of the alkylbenzene sulfonate detergent below.

Fats, oils, phospholipids, prostaglandins and steroids have which properties in common? I. oxygen functionality II. nonpolar groups III. rings IV. unsaturation

The key step in the preparation of soap, saponification, is best described by which mechanism?

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is a phospholipid that is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used as a model phospholipid in numerous studies of liposomes, lipid bilayers and model biological membranes. Complete the following sequence of reactions.

Which common structural feature of vitamin E and vitamin K₁ best accounts for the greater solubility of these molecules in organic solvents than water?

Soap is an anionic surfactant used in conjunction with water for washing and cleaning. It is a typical example for European Medieval technology. Animal or plant fats are hydrolyzed by the strong base (NaOH in water, usually called lye) , yielding alkali salts of fatty acids and glycerol. Historically, tallow (beef or mutton fat) is used for saponification. Tallow contains glycerol esters of oleic acid (47%) , palmitic acid (26%) and stearic acid (14%) . What are the chemical components of soap from tallow?

Which physical property of triacylglycerols rich in unsaturated fatty acids is responsible for the lower melting point than the corresponding saturated compounds?