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There has been much discussion of deregulating electricity and natural gas delivery companies in the United States. Discuss the likely effect of deregulation on prices in these two industries.

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If deregulation leads to increased compe...

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"Monopolists do not worry about efficient production and minimizing costs since they can just pass along any increase in costs to their consumers." This statement is


A) false; price increases will mean fewer sales, which may lower profits.
B) true; this is the primary reason why economists believe that monopolies result in economic inefficiency.
C) false; the monopolist is a price taker.
D) true; consumers in a monopoly market have no substitutes to turn to when the monopolist raises prices.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Suppose that a professional photographer takes a prize-winning digital photo. She can sell a 5"x7" color print of the photo for $10. She can also sell the digital file for $20. There are 500 people willing to buy the color print and 2,000 people willing to buy the digital file. Assume the costs to the photographer are zero and that the people who purchase the digital file cannot resell the file itself or any prints made from it. What should she do in order to maximize her profits?


A) earn $5,000 by selling only the color prints
B) earn $40,000 by selling only the digital files
C) earn $45,000 by selling both the color prints and the digital files at their respective prices
D) We do not have enough information with which to answer this question.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Monopolists can achieve any level of profit they desire because they have unlimited market power.

A) True
B) False

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Figure 15-5 Figure 15-5   -Refer to Figure 15-5. At the profit-maximizing level of output, A) marginal revenue is equal to P3. B) marginal cost is equal to P3. C) average revenue is equal to P2. D) average total cost is equal to P6. -Refer to Figure 15-5. At the profit-maximizing level of output,


A) marginal revenue is equal to P3.
B) marginal cost is equal to P3.
C) average revenue is equal to P2.
D) average total cost is equal to P6.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Price discrimination is the business practice of


A) bundling related products to increase total sales.
B) selling the same good at different prices to different customers.
C) pricing above marginal cost.
D) hiring marketing experts to increase consumers' brand loyalty.

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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In theory, perfect price discrimination


A) decreases the monopolist's profits.
B) decreases consumer surplus.
C) increases deadweight loss.
D) reduces the number of consumers who purchase the monopoly's product.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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A natural monopoly arises when


A) there are constant returns to scale over the relevant range of output.
B) there are economies of scale over the relevant range of output.
C) one firm owns a key natural resource.
D) the government gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce a particular good or service.

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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Figure 15-4 Figure 15-4   -Refer to Figure 15-4. If the monopoly firm is currently producing Q4 units of output, then a decrease in output will necessarily cause profit to A) remain unchanged. B) decrease. C) increase as long as the new level of output is at least Q2. D) None of the above is correct. The monopolist currently maximizing profits at Q4. -Refer to Figure 15-4. If the monopoly firm is currently producing Q4 units of output, then a decrease in output will necessarily cause profit to


A) remain unchanged.
B) decrease.
C) increase as long as the new level of output is at least Q2.
D) None of the above is correct. The monopolist currently maximizing profits at Q4.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Figure 15-9 Figure 15-9   -Refer to Figure 15-9. The monopolist's maximum profit A) is $1,600. B) is $2,000. C) is $2,500. D) cannot be determined from the diagram. -Refer to Figure 15-9. The monopolist's maximum profit


A) is $1,600.
B) is $2,000.
C) is $2,500.
D) cannot be determined from the diagram.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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The deadweight loss that arises from a monopoly is a consequence of the fact that the monopoly


A) quantity is lower than the socially-optimal quantity.
B) price equals marginal revenue.
C) price is the same as average revenue.
D) earns positive profits.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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A perfectly price-discriminating monopolist is able to


A) maximize profit and produce a socially-optimal level of output.
B) maximize profit, but not produce a socially-optimal level of output.
C) produce a socially-optimal level of output, but not maximize profit.
D) exercise illegal preferences regarding the race and/or gender of its employees.

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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The profit that a monopolist earns represents a loss to society that is measured through deadweight loss.

A) True
B) False

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A benefit to society of the patent and copyright laws is that those laws


A) help to keep prices down.
B) help to prevent a single firm from acquiring ownership of a key resource.
C) encourage creative activity.
D) discourage the production of inefficient products.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Table 15-17 A monopolist faces the following demand curve: Table 15-17 A monopolist faces the following demand curve:   -Refer to Table 15-17. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the price and the marginal revenue associated with values in the table? A) The price and marginal revenue are the same. B) The price is greater than or equal to the marginal revenue. C) The price is less than or equal to the marginal revenue. D) The relationship cannot be determined from the information given. -Refer to Table 15-17. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the price and the marginal revenue associated with values in the table?


A) The price and marginal revenue are the same.
B) The price is greater than or equal to the marginal revenue.
C) The price is less than or equal to the marginal revenue.
D) The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following statements is correct?


A) Two examples of early antitrust laws are the Clinton and Stigler Antitrust Acts.
B) Antitrust laws automatically prevent mergers between companies that produce similar products.
C) Antitrust laws reduce the government's power to regulate private companies.
D) Antitrust laws can reduce social welfare if they prevent mergers that would lower costs through more efficient joint production.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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A monopolist produces where P = MC = MR.

A) True
B) False

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Antitrust laws may


A) enhance the ability of firms to capture profits from a concentration of market power.
B) enhance the ability of firms to reduce economic losses.
C) restrict the ability of firms to operate at the socially efficient level of production.
D) restrict the ability of firms to merge.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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For a monopoly firm, which of the following equalities is always true?


A) price = marginal revenue
B) price = average revenue
C) price = total revenue
D) marginal revenue = marginal cost

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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Figure 15-4 Figure 15-4   -Refer to Figure 15-4. The average total cost curve for a monopoly firm is depicted by curve A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. -Refer to Figure 15-4. The average total cost curve for a monopoly firm is depicted by curve


A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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