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Exam 53: Ecosystems and Global Ecology

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Question 1

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Why is energy lost when herbivores eat primary producers?

A) Digestion takes place so rapidly that very little energy is absorbed.
B) Most primary producers contain no usable energy for herbivores.
C) Primary producers have energy stored in indigestible substances.
D) Primary producers cannot produce once eaten.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Question 2

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What is the main reason for using food webs instead of food chains in analyzing ecosystems?

A) Most organisms eat more than one type of food.
B) Most organisms feed at several trophic levels.
C) The decomposition cycle needs to be shown.
D) Answers A and B both apply.
E) All of the above answers apply.

F) A) and C)
G) A) and D)

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Question 3

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Which of the following is a consequence of biomagnification?

Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions) . Abstract: Increased radiative forcing is an inevitable part of global climate change, yet little is known of its potential effects on the energ in natural ecosystems. To simulate the conditions of global warming, we exposed peat monoliths depth, 0.6 cm; surface area, from a bog and fen in northern Minnesota, USA, to three infrared IR) loading ambient, +45, and +90 W m^{- 2}) and three water table - 16, - 20, and - 29 cm in bog and - 1, - 10 and - 18 cm in fen) treatments, each replicated in three mesocosm plots. Net radiation Rn) and soil energy fluxes at the top, bottom, and sides of the mesocosms were measured in 1999, five years after the treatments had begun. Soil heat flux G) increased proportionately with IR loading, comprising about 3%- 8% of Rn. In the fen, the effect of IR loading on G was modulated by water table depth, whereas in the bog, it was not. Energy dissipation from the mesocosms occurred mainly via vertical exchange with air, as well as the deeper soil layers through the bottom of the mesocosms, whereas lateral fluxes were 10- to 20- fold smaller and independent of IR loading and water table depth. The exchange with deeper soil layers was sensitive to water table depth, in contrast to G, which responded primarily to IR loading. The qualitative responses in the bog and fen were similar, but the fen displayed wider seasonal variations and greater extremes in soil energy fluxes. The differences of G in the bog and fen are attributed to differences in the reflectance in the long waveband as a function of vegetation type, whereas the differences in soil heat storage may also depend on different soil properties and different water table depth at comparable treatments. These data suggest that the ecosystem- dependent controls over soil energy fluxes may provide an important constraint on biotic response to climate change. -Once heat is transferred to the soil, where does it go afterward Noormets et al. 2004) ?

Which statement best describes what ultimately happens to the chemical energy that is NOT converted to new biomass in the process of energy transfer between trophic levels in an ecosystem?

Detritus can be consumed by which of the following primary decomposers?

Based on the experiment in the figure above, all of the following are plausible reasons for the result EXCEPT that

Which of the following could be a cause of eutrophication?

Figure 53.9 -Upon looking at the figure above, what can be concluded?

Which of the following is not a source of human- fixed nitrogen?

Regarding soil and organic matter in humus, which of the following statements is true?

Considering the current scientific literature on global warming, which statement best summarizes the most recent findings?

Use the following graph and information to answer the question below. Flycatcher birds that migrate from Africa to Europe feed their nestlings a diet that is almost exclusively moth cat The graph shows the mean dates of arrival, bird hatching, and peak caterpillar season for the years 1980 and 200 What is the shift in the peak of caterpillar season most likely due to?

Figure 53.8 -Considering the global nitrogen cycle depicted in the figure above, what is the limiting portion of the cycle for plants?

Figure 53.3 -Which terrestrial category in the figure above has the highest economic impact on Earth's ecosystem?

Figure 53.3 -Which habitat type in the figure above makes available the most new tissue to consumers?

Which of the following consume other living organisms?

Considering the global carbon cycle, where is the largest reservoir of carbon?

Considering the global carbon cycle, where are humans having a large impact?

Figure 53.9 -Based on the figure above, and given the populations of the following countries, which country uses the most oil overall?